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DOI However, dogs are directed by their handler if they miss locations. When dogs detect bed bug odors, they alert their handler who verifies by visual inspection. Dogs are more efficient than people because dogs detect bed bugs in areas with no sight such as inside walls, behind baseboards, and in furniture. Bed Bug Monitors Interceptor cups, which have a detection rate of 89 percent, are the most common devices. Interceptor cups are based on the principle that bed bugs are not very good at climbing slippery, vertical surfaces.
Cups are plastic dishes large enough to contain a bed post, with an outer "moat" designed to catch and retain bed bugs see Figure 6. Cups are also called "pitfall traps for bed bugs. Also, cups can be placed in bathrooms, kitchens, hallways, or anywhere desired because bed bugs are mobile and may be found throughout the home.
Figure 6: Interceptor cups used to trap bed bugs. Photo: Parker Goodrow, friend of Penn State. In addition, interceptor cups are also used to evaluate treatment efficacy and to protect beds from bed bugs. To maximize protection, it is important that beds not touch walls or any nearby furniture. Dust ruffles or any bedding that touches the floor will also keep the interceptors from serving as protection from bed bugs. Figure 7: Insect monitor cards used to catch bed bugs.
Photo: Garo Goodrow, Penn State. Insect monitor cards, also known as "sticky and glue cards," can be used to monitor the presence and movement of bed bugs in narrow and hard-to-reach locations such as behind picture frames, mirrors, or headboards see Figure 7. Interceptor cups and insect monitor cards are passive monitors. In contrast, active monitors are electronic devices that use carbon dioxide CO 2 and heat to attract and trap bed bugs see Figure 8.
These devices have the potential, especially in the absence of a host, to detect bed bugs that would normally remain hidden in empty apartments, empty school classrooms, or other locations. They are used by pest control companies to monitor bed bugs during treatment. In addition, interceptor cups containing CO 2 or pheromones are considered active monitors. It is best to use CO 2 traps over weekends or holidays in school or work sites. Dry ice can be used to produce the CO 2.
Figure 8: Electronic monitoring devices used to attract and trap bed bugs. Photo: David P. James, Flickr used with permission. Visual Inspection and Interceptors When both visual inspection and interceptors are used for monitoring bed bugs, the detection rate increases to 99 percent.
This technique is considered the most cost-effective method for performing building-wide inspections for bed bugs. Public awareness is a significant factor in the bed bugs spread throughout the country. Education of staff and residents in multifamily housing regarding bed bug biology and behavior, and what actions to take is an important component of any IPM effort.
Usually, new bed bug infestations begin when people take infested articles home. If second-hand furniture is acquired, inspect it before bringing into buildings, especially beds or mattresses. Travelers can also transport bed bugs in luggage or on clothes. To avoid this, travelers should check behind headboards, under sheets, and in mattress seams and tufts at places where they stay.
Also, they should inspect their luggage before carrying it back into their homes and wash and dry all clothes with hot water and hot air immediately upon return. If furniture is discarded due to bed bugs infestation, render it unusable before placing in a dumpster or landfill so that someone does not unknowingly bring infested items home. Mechanical control is important in IPM programs of bed bugs because several objects in the home cannot be properly treated with insecticides.
Mechanical control is not toxic, is environment-friendly, and does not require a re-entry interval time that must pass between the pesticide application and the time that people can return to that area without protective clothing and equipment. However, mechanical control does not have a residual effect so re-infestation of bed bugs can occur. Laundering and Drying with Heat Laundering with hot soapy water and drying with heat can be used to kill bed bugs on sheets, blankets, curtains, pillows, clothes, and any other objects that can be thrown into a washer and dryer.
As an alternative, dryers alone can kill bed bugs when used at a high temperature for 15 to 30 minutes. Laundering in cold water and drying at lower temperatures might not kill bed bugs. Vacuuming Vacuuming can be used to remove nymphs, shed "skins," and dead bed bugs.
Using a vacuum cleaner by itself is not effective because bed bug eggs are rarely picked up and most bed bug adults cannot be reached.
Vacuum thoroughly every day and reach all possible areas top, bottom, and sides of the objects vacuumed. Empty the vacuum cleaner immediately. If the vacuum has a bag, enclose it in a plastic bag and seal it before discarding. Steam Steam treatment can be used on objects that can not be treated with insecticides, such as couches, recliners, beds, toys, etc. Steamers vary in price, heating, and operating time.
Triangular and rectangular heads are common. Small steam heads and those equipped with brushes should be avoided as the steam pressure and bristles may inadvertently dislodge bed bugs from the surface material onto the floor.
However, these may be appropriate when the area is too small for a larger head. Figure 9: Steam treatment for bed bugs. Impact of a steamer should be tested in a small section before steaming the entire area to determine the speed of treatment. Typically, it is recommended that you spend 10 to 15 seconds passing the steam head across the surface of one foot of space.
Studies have shown that steamers kill percent of eggs, nymphs, and adults on mattress surfaces. Under bed sheets and sofa fabric, steamers kill 90 percent of eggs, nymphs, and adults when treated for approximately 20 seconds. Also, steamers kill eggs, nymphs, and adults in cracks when treated for more than 4 seconds. Steamers do not kill eggs, nymphs, or adults under leather sofa covers. Whole Room Heat or Cold Heat treatment is an effective and quick method to control bed bugs.
Commercial heating services treat infested items or rooms using portable heaters and fans to control temperature. The appropriate sealing of doors and windows improves treatment efficiency by preventing the escape of the heat and bed bugs. Cold treatment of rooms or buildings is not often used and has not been well studied. As an alternative, a new commercial technology uses liquid carbon dioxide CO 2 , stored at very cold temperatures, to deposit a super-cooled "snow" to kill bed bugs.
Chemical control is the most common approach to managing bed bug infestations. However, relying on insecticides alone might require a greater amount of the product which can lead to insecticide resistance. In addition, labels prohibit the use of insecticides on some bed bug-preferred areas, such as mattresses and couches, because people may come into direct contact with the chemical.
Also, insecticides cannot be applied on fabric items such as sheets, pillows, blankets, and clothes. IPM programs, especially those that combine chemical and mechanical approaches, are effective to control bed bugs.
For example, some companies that use whole room heat treatment recommend insecticide application in places where bed bugs would walk and rest to avoid re-infestations. Other companies use insecticides on resting areas such as bed frames, box springs, inside empty dressers, and cracks in combination with vacuuming and steam on beds and couches.
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are the most common active ingredients to control bed bugs. They have low toxicity to humans and birds. Pyrethrins are a natural compound produced by plants of the genus chrysanthemum; they provide a quick knockdown but little long-term control of bed bugs.
In contrast, pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on pyrethrins; they are highly effective against bed bugs. Pyrethroids also act as a repellent. However, studies have reported that bed bugs might develop insecticide resistance to pyrethrins and pyrethroids. Neonicotinoids Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides based on nicotine, which is a natural compound produced by tobacco and other plants of the Solanaceae family. They have low toxicity to humans and birds and can be used on those bed bug populations with resistance to pyrethroids.
Also, several insecticides registered to control bed bugs are mixtures of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. IGRs usually kill bed bugs during the molting process when they shed their "skin.
Biopesticides A group of scientists at Penn State University registered a biopesticide, called Aprehend, to control bed bugs based on a natural fungal disease Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA see Figure This biopesticide contains fungal spores in an oil formulation which is sprayed in strategic bands or barriers where bed bugs will walk, such as the sides of box springs or couches. Bed bugs contact the spores when crossing treated areas.
Other means of spread recently highlighted nationwide have been the closing of retail establishments due to bed bugs, and schools identifying bed bugs brought in by students.
Bed bugs do not transmit any diseases, and most people have mild allergic reactions resulting in small, itchy welts. Some people may have more serious reactions that require medical attention, and bites may lead to scarring. The anxiety and psychological distress caused by living with bed bugs can have a serious impact on people's overall health and productivity, and the economic impact of lost work, furniture treatment or replacement, and home eradication can be significant.
For more information including informational pamphlets, guidance documents, and links to the list of state licensed pest management professionals, see Michigan's website at www.
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